 Frequently
Asked Questions: AbuseCheck™ Hair
Alcohol Test.
The AbuseCheck™ Hair Alcohol
Abuse Test (HAT) is a non-invasive testing procedure
which provides evidence of the average level of consumption
for the period of time tested for. It has been used to settle
child custody cases, by law enforcement agencies, healthcare
professionals, and employers to identify individuals
with recent histories of alcohol abuse.
Additional Information
& Forms:
How much alcohol constitutes alcohol abuse?
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines alcohol abuse
as the consumption of at least 60 grams of alcohol per day.
In many countries, alcohol consumption is measured by units
to allow drinkers to easily establish their  alcohol
consumption. One unit is 8 grams (10 ml) of pure alcohol.
However, the amount of drink that equates to 60 grams depends
on how strong the drink is. On average, one pub measure of
wine, one half pint of average strength beer, and one “shot”
of spirit are all one unit. So seven of these units provide
7 x 8 = 56 grams of alcohol. A 750 ml bottle of wine with
13% alcohol by volume would contain 9.75 units. (See also:
How
many drinks are abusive and the AbuseCheck
Alcohol Consumption Calculator.)
How does this work?
We extract markers from the hair that only appear when someone
has consumed alcohol. These markers are metabolites and can
only be produced when alcohol is in the body.
What is a metabolite?
When a drug such as alcohol is being broken down by the body
it reacts to form intermediate substances that the body eventually
removes in urine, feces, or breath. These intermediate substances
are called metabolites.
Can I tell if somebody has been consuming excess
alcohol?
Yes, the concentration level for the respective marker will
match or exceed its cut-off point identifying average consumption
levels in excess of 60 grams per day. The more alcohol someone
has consumed the higher quantities of this marker present
and detected. The sensitivity level or ‘cut off level’
used correlates with alcohol abuse; or consumption of greater
than 60 grams of alcohol a day. This is an established and
well-recognized threshold.
Can I tell if somebody is still drunk?
No, it takes about a week or more for the marker to appear
in the hair on the scalp. We are only interested in regular
alcohol abuse levels. Breath alcohol is still a very good
solution for determining inebriation.
How far back can I go?
As far back as the length of the hair will allow. Hair grows
at the rate of about 10-12mm per month and we take the first
6 centimeters of hair when the hair is of sufficient length.
That relates to a period of around 1 to 6 months from date
of collection. Hair offers an excellent historical record
of alcohol history, which now for the first time we are able
to unlock.
Can I recognize a pattern of abuse?
No, because we do not section the hair month by month and
carry out periodic analysis. Our research has shown this is
unsound scientific practice because the markers can migrate
along the hair shaft.
Can I use body hair?
Yes, natural length body hair provides evidence for up to
6 months.
What if my shampoo or hair product has alcohol within
it?
Because this technology examines only alcohol metabolites
which can only be produced by alcohol that was metabolized
by the body, products containing alcohol do not demonstrate
an affect on the levels of EtG measured by the test. However,
studies have shown that there could be elevated levels of
FAEE as a result of using hair products containing alcohol
(see: Practical
experiences in application of hair fatty acid ethyl esters
and ethyl glucuronide for detection of chronic alcohol abuse
in forensic cases. - Forensic Science International,
2011). This is because cells on the top of the head have been
demonstrated to be capable of metabolizing alcohol and leading
to an FAEE byproduct. The laboratory will only report a positive
result when these independent markers are detected in their
correct ratios. Note that the laboratory needs to be informed
of this through the COC document so that it can be taken into
account during analysis.
How much hair do you need?
We require about 100 mg of hair. That is a tuft of hair a
bit bigger than the size of a pencil diameter, and about 100
strands. The hair can be taken from more than one location
and the sampling site us usually unnoticeable.
What is the difference between LEGAL and PERSONAL
testing?
How do I take the hair sample?
We have trained collectors to do that for you, or we can train
someone at your organization to do the collection.
Is the collection difficult then?
No, but collection is an important part of the process and
nearly always needs to be done under strict ‘chain of
custody’ rules so that everyone involved can be certain
that the sample relates to the correct person.
What situations would I consider using hair alcohol
testing?
There are many applications where you would want to determine
whether someone had an alcohol problem, or indeed prove they
didn't have a problem.
These include:
- Child custody cases
- Probation service for alcohol offences
- Safety critical employment
- Suspicions that a corporate / colleague has an alcohol problem
- Proof of responsibility
- Alcohol treatment programs
- Screening people in clinical trials
- Suitability for surgery
What are the limitations?
Obviously, we need hair. Occasionally drug screening companies
encounter someone who has shaved from head to toe, with not
a single hair on their body, but that does raise suspicions.
Can you tell whether someone is totally abstinent
from alcohol?
No, the Hair Alcohol Testing methods have not been developed
for that purpose.
What methods are available to me?
EtG and FAEE testing are now two methods available for use,
to detect consumption of alcohol over a longer period ranging
from one month and up to six months. No other method can do
this.
What is EtG and FAEE?
"EtG" stands for ethyl glucuronide and "FAEE"
stands for fatty acid ethyl esters. Both are direct and very
specific alcohol markers, which are metabolites produced by
the body when alcohol is consumed. These markers cannot originate
from other pathological reasons.
What kinds of samples are used for both tests?
Samples of hair, ideally at least 3cm in length and no shorter
than 1 cm (head hair).
What is the difference between EtG and FAEE?
The EtG marker is formed almost exclusively in the liver and
is deposited into hair mainly from sweat. The FAEE marker
is formed in blood and all tissues and gets into hair mainly
by diffusion from the external sebum layer. Unlike the detection
of drug metabolites in a hair test, environmental contamination
(for example, being exposed to a drinking environment at a
pub) can result in the detection of traces of ethanol. However,
such traces as these do not correlate to the consumption of
alcohol.
Why would I choose to use one test over another?
It is all case-dependent as to which test to use. If you wish
to provide an average result up to six months, the FAEE test
would allow this.
Do you recommend against using
either test-technology in isolation?
In order to reduce the possibility of false positives to a
minimum (1%), it is recommended that both markers need to
be tested for, simultaneously.
The Society of Hair Testing recently introduced their consensus
which states that FAEE and EtG methods should be used simultaneously
for detecting chronic excessive alcohol consumption assessment.
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The
Society
of Hair Testing, represented by 23 different
countries, in Rome (June 2009) concluded the following
as part of their consensus:
"Either
EtG or FAEE can be used independently for chronic excessive
alcohol consumption assessment. For mutual confirmation
and for exclusion of false positive or false negative
results the determination of both parameters can be
useful, in some special cases."
AbuseCheck
is the only solution in the United States regularly
measuring Hair Alcohol Testing with both markers, and
underpinned by the largest growing database of self
donor reporting information in child protection. |
Some companies offer only EtG testing. What are the
disadvantages of this?
It is recommended that EtG testing is performed on the most
recent 1-3 months of hair growth (approximately 0 - 3cm from
the scalp). That is due to the fact that using the EtG test
in isolation carries the risk of the 'wash-out' effect whereby
the frequent washing and intense shampooing of a donor's hair
slowly removes the EtG marker that has been deposited onto
the hair. As a result, this marker is sensitive to false-negative
results. It is recommended to combine FAEE when EtG is used
at all times.
If there is a 'wash-out' effect when testing EtG
with the potential risk of false-negative results, is this
test still useful?
Yes, the test is still very useful because it does what testing
blood cannot do -- that is to test for alcohol abuse for periods
of one month and longer. In line with the recent consensus
of the Society of Hair Testing (June 2009), EtG testing should
only be recommended on head hair samples of no longer than
0-3cm or on body hair samples. Pubic hair samples are not
recommended if testing for EtG alone due to the risk of potential
contamination from urine.
Does the 'wash-out' effect apply to FAEE testing?
No. FAEE markers are relatively stable in hair. A study showed
that the effect of hair care and hair cosmetics on FAEE concentrations,
and 20-times the usual shampooing of hair samples of heavy
drinkers did not significantly decrease the concentration.
Is the combination of both tests therefore better
and more accurate?
Yes. The combined EtG and FAEE tests certainly increase considerably
the accuracy of the interpretation. Agreeing positive or negative
results enable an almost unambiguous interpretation. The members
of the Society of Hair Testing met in June 2009 and agreed
that the testing of both parameters is useful for mutual confirmation
and for the exclusion of false positive or false negative
results.
My client uses an array of hair products including
hot oils, shampoos and hair sprays with high alcohol content
and washes her hair on a more than regular basis. Does my
client need to disclose this information at the time the samples
are being collected? Yes. Information such as this
would benefit the laboratory's analysis of the results as
best possible. The more information is provided, the more
interpretative the results will be to explaining any abnormalities.
It is requested that this information is provided at the time
of the sample collection and provided on the chain of custody
documentation.
Is there the possibility of disagreeing results if
both tests are carried out?
Yes, this is possible. In the case of a negative result with
a positive, the absolute value of the concentration of the
positive marker is of particular importance.
Does the EtG and FAEE concentration found in my client's
test results equate to the quantity my client has consumed?
No. We cannot quantify the exact amount of units your client
has been drinking, as the lab does not measure the alcohol
itself, but rather identifies and quantifies metabolites produced
by the body once alcohol has been ingested. Results cannot
be quantified into consumption levels due to differences in
alcohol metabolism and physiology in hair growth; including
the differences in hair care (for example, frequency of shampooing).
As with all medically-based tests, results are not subject
to the linear laws of basic mathematics.
If you cannot determine the quantity of alcohol consumed
from the test results, what do these tests determine?
The lab determines whether the donor falls above or below
the cutoff level that we have set, which is 60 grams of pure
ethanol per day over a protracted period.
What is meant by a "positive" result?
A positive result is reported when the total concentration
of FAEE and/or EtG values exceeds the Cut-Off level which
correlates to 60 grams plus on a daily basis (see previous
question/answer).
Is it possible to determine whether a positive test
result is due to binge drinking or high regular consumption?
No. Unlike other drugs which are deposited through the root
alone, FAEEs are deposited through both the root and the sebum
produced by the sebaceous glands in the scalp. This means
it is possible for sections of hair to have lost or gained
concentrations of FAEEs through the migration of sebum along
the follicle which could distort any timeline analysis. It
is therefore only possible to provide an average level of
consumption for the period of time being tested for.
Similarly, the fact that most peoples' hair does not stick
up out of the scalp, but lies against the scalp surface for
several centimeters as it grows down, means that more mature
sections of hair are being bathed in the EtG-laden sweat which
is produced by the sweat glands, thus making it scientifically
unsound to offer segmented results on a month-by-month basis
from which to establish a chronological pattern of consumption.
It is therefore only possible to provide an average level
of consumption for the period of time being tested for.
Is it possible to provide a chronological analysis
of a subject's drinking history?
Not with a single test (see above). However with a series
of tests conducted at regular intervals, a very accurate picture
of a subject's level of consumption can be obtained. By comparing
two or more results we can tell whether a subject's consumption
has increased, decreased or remained constant and if it has
varied, by approximately how much.
Is it possible for a couple with similar drinking
habits to return different test results?
Yes. Physiological differences such as weight and metabolism
mean everyone's ability to process alcohol is different. Weight
is particularly influential and taken into account when interpreting
borderline cases.
How is it possible for someone who only drinks over
the weekend (Fri - Sun) to test positive?
If consumption over the weekend or other limited periods is
high enough to produce an average daily value above the cut-off
level, the result will be positive.
If a subject's test result is, say, 8 times over
the cut-off level does this mean they are consuming an average
of 8 x 60 (480) grams per day (60 units of alcohol)?
No. Although there is a significant correlation between alcohol
intake and the concentrations of marker in the hair there
is not a linear relationship between the two.
Can a subject who returns a negative result one month
after returning a positive result be said to have abstained
completely in the intervening weeks?
Concentration levels below the cut-off level may be a product of abstinence but this cannot be guaranteed; however falling concentration levels for a particular subject do indicate declining levels of consumption.
Can I test for both EtG and FAEE at the same time
without having to work with two separate companies?
BioPharma Institute offers the combined test (EtG and FAEE),
also known as the "Gold Standard of Hair Alcohol Tests"
to ensure that accuracy of your results can be achieved. This
will also minimize the hassle and inconvenience of having
to use two companies. Working with a company who prides itself
on service and testing excellence, you can be assured that
the tests are carried out with utmost accuracy and speed.
The lab can provide expert opinion on results from other
laboratories but will not run FAEE from its laboratory, and
analyze EtG results carried out by another company. Both tests
must be run at our lab for optimal result output and analysis
using similar analytical methods.
My client does not have any head hair, can body hair
be used for both tests?
Yes. Pubic, axillary, beard and other body hair can be analyzed
if head hair is not available. We note that pubic hair samples
are not recommended if testing for EtG alone due to the risk
of potential contamination from urine.
What is GC/MS/MS and what does it mean?
Gas chromatography / tandem mass spectrometry is a confirmation
level test which is used to accurately assess the metabolites
of alcohol in hair. It is a much more recent technique than
GC/MS and allows for a higher level of selective analysis.
What information will the report show?
It will include the identity details for the sample that has
been sent to us, and then a result for the alcohol level that
has been detected. A 'negative' or 'positive' result is provided
dependent on whether the result falls below or above the cutoff
level set by our laboratory. Results can also be provided
in a standard Section 9 legal statement where requested.
Can you determine how much alcohol a person has had
monthly?
No. Although we will give a value in our report, we can only
say that the value exceeds our interpretation of the cutoff
level we have set, which is 60 grams of alcohol per day over
a protracted period. We cannot interpret how much alcohol
was actually consumed. To do so would be scientifically unsound
because alcohol is metabolized in slightly different ways
by different people.
How much alcohol is "60 grams"? How many
glasses of wine or pints of beer does this equate to?
It has been widely considered in the United Kingdom that a
level of 60 grams of alcohol and above consumed daily represents
alcohol misuse. In the UK, alcohol is based on units to allow
drinkers to establish their alcohol consumption. One unit
is 8 grams (10 milliliters) of pure alcohol. However, the
amount of drink that equates to 60 grams depends on how strong
the drink is. On average, one pub measure of wine, one half
of average strength beer, and one 'short' of spirit are all
one unit. So seven of these units provides 7 x 8 = 56 grams
of alcohol. A 750ml bottle of wine with 13% alcohol by volume
would contain 9.75 units. See the Bupa alcohol calculator
in our Resource Section to see how many units has been consumed.
For an individual who is strictly abstinent, would
I expect a 'zero' result?
Alcohol is not as easily detectable in hair as other drugs.
Ethanol is present in all hair including those of teetotalers,
however these traces are products of the environment. Simply
being in a pub or laboratory is enough for traces of ethanol
to find their way into the hair. A case study on a group of
individuals who were strictly abstinent were found to have
small traces of ethanol in their hair samples. However, these
traces of ethanol do not correlate to alcohol which has been
consumed.
Where does the process originate from?
It has been developed by a combination of German and English
laboratory collaboration using leading experts in this field
and the latest analytical technologies.
Can we tell if an excessive drinker really has stopped
drinking?
No. However, what we can tell is whether the individual has stopped drinking excessively, provided his concentration levels have dropped below the cut-off level. Where there is evidence of falling concentration levels which are not yet below the cut-off level all that can be said with certainty is that drinking levels are declining.
Can a reformed alcoholic be monitored?
Yes, the lab can monitor a reformed alcoholic using its new
technological advances. According to a study, in cases where
a relapse follows a period of abstinence of more than one
year, binge drinking lasting several weeks is sufficient to
give a positive finding over the whole length of hair. This
corresponds to our experience: a relapse can be detected after
two to four weeks. Please note: For this test we also require,
where possible, 6 cm of head hair (standard conditions).
Is there a risk of false positives?
Mitigating circumstances could include a serious abnormality
in the metabolism of the donor or abnormal hair growth conditions
such as hirsutism, or indeed recent donor hair transplanting.
The lab has introduced a medical review document for donors
that should be completed and supplied with the sample, for
optimum accuracy that will identify such conditions. While
we would offer constructive advice on such occasions, they
are not encountered or required very frequently. The lab has
led the field in this work and is the only organization worldwide
to offer this service coupled with a thorough and considered
medical review, and as such is committed to offering as much
information and advice as possible to clients.
Can hair treatments affect results?
Some hair treatment products which contain alcohol may result
in an increase of FAEE in the hair. There has not been any
influence on FAEE results from non-alcohol containing cosmetics
or shampoo. There may be occasions when this should be considered
(example: hair modeling where the hair is constantly being
styled). Recent alcohol application to the scalp for head
lice will also not affect the results. As noted above, intense
shampooing and bleaching could cause a 'wash-out' effect to
EtG markers, removing the markers already deposited onto the
hair, and increasing the risk of false-negative results. Our
experience in this field would allow us to offer constructive
advice on such occasions. For most accurate result, we recommend
that EtG and FAEE testing are preformed concurrently.
Where can I learn and read more about Drugs and Alcohol?
The lab has researched a number of leading books that could
act as a way to help our clients understand the impact of
drugs and alcohol on their patients/donors or internal clients.
Please visit our Drug & Alcohol Literature section for
more information.
There are two (2) types of Hair Alcohol Tests, FAEE
& EtG:
"FAEE" stands for fatty acid ethyl
esters, a direct and very specific metabolite of alcohol,
produced in the body when alcohol is consumed. It provides
a greatly specific indicator of excessive alcohol consumption
over a 0-6 month period of time. Studies have showed that
FAEE markers are relatively stable in hair, and that the effect
of hair care and hair cosmetics on FAEE concentrations did
not significantly decrease concentrations.
"EtG" stands for ethyl glucuronide,
a direct and very specific metabolite of alcohol, produced
in the body when alcohol is consumed. It provides a good indicator
of excessive alcohol consumption over a 0-3 month period of
time. It is recommended that EtG testing is performed on the
most recent 0-3 months of hair growth (approximately 0 - 3cm
from the scalp). That is due to the fact that using the EtG
test in isolation carries the risk of the 'wash-out' effect
whereby the frequent washing and intense shampooing of a donor's
hair slowly removes the EtG marker that has been deposited
onto the hair. As a result, this marker is sensitive to false-negative
results. It is recommended that the EtG test always be combined
with the FAEE test.
AbuseCheck
Price List
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AbuseCheck EtG Hair Alcohol Test
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Single participant EtG Hair Alcohol Test, collection
materials, laboratory service, and laboratory report. This price includes
specimen collection (usually within 30 miles of your location) and all FedEx
shipping TO: and FROM the lab. -
For Legal Purposes |
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$399.00 |
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AbuseCheck
FAEE Hair Alcohol Test |
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Single participant FAEE Hair Alcohol Test, collection materials, laboratory
service, and laboratory report. This price includes specimen collection
(usually within 30 miles of your location) and all FedEx shipping TO: and
FROM the lab. -
For Legal Purposes |
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$649.00 |
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AbuseCheck
Hair Alcohol Test Combo (FAEE & EtG) |
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Single participant FAEE Hair Alcohol Test, EtG
Hair Alcohol Test, collection materials, laboratory service, and laboratory
report. This price includes specimen collection (usually within 30 miles
of your location) and all FedEx shipping TO: and FROM the lab. -
For Legal Purposes |
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$849.00 |
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AbuseCheck Expert Testimonials - Written, Live Video, or In-person
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For expert interpretation of any alcohol or drug test results. For example,
expert testimonials may including interpretation of how a particular result
correlates to a level of alcohol consumed during the period tested for.
Written, live video, or in-person testimonials are available. (View
Details) |
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INQUIRE |
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AbuseCheck Hair Drug Test (5-Panel) - For Legal Purposes
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Single participant 5-Panel Hair Drug Test, collection materials, laboratory
service, laboratory report. Used for testing 1 segment of hair for Amphetamines,
Methamphetamines (ecstasy), Cannabis (marijuana metabolites), Cocaine (and
benzoylecgonine), and Opiates (codeine, morphine, and 6-mam). Acceptable
lengths for 1 segment of head hair range from the shortest being 1.5 cm
(providing about 1 month of history) to the longest being 3 cm (providing
about 3 months of drug use history). Therefore, testing 4 segments of 3
cm can give you up to a year of drug use history. This price includes specimen
collection (usually within 30 miles of your location) and all FedEx shipping
TO: and FROM the lab. (Also see: Individual
Drug Test Prices) |
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$249.00 |
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AbuseCheck Hair Drug Test (9-Panel) - For Legal Purposes
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Single participant 9-Panel Hair Drug Test, collection materials, laboratory
service, laboratory report. Used for testing 1 segment of hair for Amphetamines,
Methamphetamines (ecstasy), Cannabis (marijuana metabolites), Cocaine (and
benzoylecgonine), Opiates (codeine, morphine, and 6-mam), Crack Cocaine,
Methadone, Ketamin, and Zolpidem. Acceptable
lengths for 1 segment of head hair range from the shortest being 1.5 cm
(providing about 1 month of history) to the longest being 3 cm (providing
about 3 months of drug use history). Therefore, testing 4 segments of 3
cm can give you up to a year of drug use history. This price includes specimen
collection (usually within 30 miles of your location) and all FedEx shipping
TO: and FROM the lab. (Also see: Individual
Drug Test Prices) |
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$399.00 |
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AbuseCheck
Alcohol & Drug Combo I |
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Single participant Hair Alcohol Test (FAEE) and Hair Drug Test (5-Panel),
collection materials, laboratory service, and laboratory report. This price
includes specimen collection (usually within 30 miles of your location)
and all FedEx shipping TO: and FROM the lab. |
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$749.00 |
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AbuseCheck
Alcohol & Drug Combo II |
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Single participant Hair Alcohol Test (FAEE & EtG) and Hair Drug Test
(9-Panel), collection materials, laboratory service, and laboratory report.
This price includes specimen collection (usually within 30 miles of your
location) and all FedEx shipping TO: and FROM the lab. |
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$1,199.00 |
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Hair Alcohol or Drug Test from Body Hair (Additional Fee)
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Additional fee for hair alcohol or drug testing (either FAEE or EtG) from body hair if head hair is not available. |
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$95.00 |
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:: The following items are priced for personal use (non-legal)
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AbuseCheck EtG Hair Alcohol Test
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For Personal Purposes- Single participant EtG
Hair Alcohol Test, collection materials, laboratory service, and laboratory
report. This price includes FedEx shipping the collection kit to your desired
location. |
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$249.00 |
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AbuseCheck FAEE Hair Alcohol Test |
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For Personal Purposes- Single participant FAEE Hair Alcohol Test, collection
materials, laboratory service, and laboratory report. This
price includes FedEx shipping the collection kit to your desired location.
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$499.00 |
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AbuseCheck Hair Alcohol Test Combo (FAEE & EtG) |
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For Personal Purposes- Single participant FAEE Hair Alcohol Test, EtG
Hair Alcohol Test, collection materials, laboratory service, and laboratory
report. This price includes FedEx shipping the collection kit to your desired
location. |
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$699.00 |
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AbuseCheck Hair Drug Test (5-Panel) - For Personal Purposes
|
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Single participant 5-Panel Hair Drug Test, collection materials, laboratory
service, laboratory report. Used for testing 1 segment of hair for Amphetamines,
Methamphetamines (ecstasy), Cannabis (marijuana metabolites), Cocaine (and
benzoylecgonine), and Opiates (codeine, morphine, and 6-mam). Acceptable
lengths for 1 segment of head hair range from the shortest being 1.5 cm
(providing about 1 month of history) to the longest being 3 cm (providing
about 3 months of drug use history). Therefore, testing 4 segments of 3
cm can give you up to a year of drug use history. This price includes FedEx
shipping the collection kit to your desired location. |
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$129.00 |
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AbuseCheck Hair Drug Test (9-Panel) - For Personal Purposes
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Single participant 9-Panel Hair Drug Test, collection materials, laboratory
service, laboratory report. Used for testing 1 segment of hair for Amphetamines,
Methamphetamines (ecstasy), Cannabis (marijuana metabolites), Cocaine (and
benzoylecgonine), Opiates (codeine, morphine, and 6-mam), Crack Cocaine,
Methadone, Ketamin, and Zolpidem. Acceptable
lengths for 1 segment of head hair range from the shortest being 1.5 cm
(providing about 1 month of history) to the longest being 3 cm (providing
about 3 months of drug use history). Therefore, testing 4 segments of 3
cm can give you up to a year of drug use history. This price includes FedEx
shipping the collection kit to your desired location. |
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$199.00 |
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AbuseCheck Alcohol & Drug Combo-I
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For Personal Purposes- Single participant Hair Alcohol Test (FAEE) and Hair
Drug Test (5-Panel), collection materials, laboratory service, and laboratory
report. This price includes FedEx shipping the collection kit to your desired
location. |
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$599.00 |
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AbuseCheck Alcohol & Drug Combo-II
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For Personal Purposes- Single participant Hair Alcohol Test (FAEE &
EtG) and Hair Drug Test (9-Panel), collection materials, laboratory service,
and laboratory report. This price includes FedEx shipping the collection
kit to your desired location. |
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$849.00 |
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Additional Information
& Forms:
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